Izistandadhi ziziphi ezingavumela izilayithi zokubhala ezisemthwakathini kwezikhundla esizingeni lokusebenza esingasemthwakathini?

Izindawo zokusebenza ngokwezinsiza zizoba nezinkinga zokuphepha ezingafanani okufuneka kuzimele izinkampani ezithile ezifakwe ukusebenza ngokuphepha kumathuba amangalisa. Uma kusebenzwa emazikhundla apho kunezivumbi zokuphuma kwezinto ezinokuthwala, izivumbi zokuphuma kwezinto ezinokuthwala, noma izivumbi zokuphuma kwezinto ezinokuthwala kwezindawo ezinokuthwala, izinkampani zokubheka kwezinsiza zokuphepha zingaba yizinkinga ezingaphansi kwezibhodi zokuphuma. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi kwenziwe izilayitshini zokubheka kwezinsiza zokuphuma ezifakwe ngokuphepha ukuthi zihlale kusetyenziswa ngokuphepha kumathuba amangalisa, futhi zikhubaze izindlela zokuphuma kumathuba amangalisa. Ukuziqonda lezi zimiso nezisebenziso zazo kuyisidingo sokuphepha kwabantu abasebenza nokuphatha izimiso zokuphepha kuzonke izinsiza zokusebenza ngokwezinsiza.

Ukuziqonda Iziklasi Zemathuba Amangalisa

Iziklasi Zokusebenza Ngokwezinsiza Zokuphuma

Izindawo zezikhathi zesiqhelo sesi-1 ziyizindawo apho izigashe zokuphazimula noma izivapori zikhiqiza kuzo ngokulingana okukhulu ukuthi zithwele isibonelo sokuphazimula noma sokuthwele. Lezi zindawo zihlukanwa kabanzi ku-Division 1 ne-Division 2 ngokwesikhathi nesilinganiso sesikhathi sokubhekana nezinto ezingaphazimula. Izindawo zesi-Division 1 zibhekana nezimo ezingaphazimula ngeminyaka yokuqhubeka kwazo, futhi izindawo zesi-Division 2 zibhekana nezimo ezingaphazimula kuphela ngeminyaka engavumelekile. Izilayiti zokubhala ezinamandla okuphazimula ozweni lwalezi zindawo kufanele zisikelele izinkampani zokuphazimula noma isikhati esiphazimula kusuka kumkhumbi wazo futhi zithwele izimo ezingaphazimula kumhlaba omnye.

Izimfuneko zokwakha izilumkiso zezibhamu zokuphulula ukuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula k......

Izikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokuphulula kwezikhathi zokup......

Izindawo eziqhubekayo kwi-Clas II ziyasebenza ngamaphutha okuphakama okwenzeka kuzo izimo ezinokubangela ukuphakama kwezinye izinto. Lezi zindawo ziqondwa kakhulu emagumbini, emaphulamanyana, emazikhululo okuhlela amakhooli, kanye nezindawo zokusebenza kwemithombo ekusebenzisa izinto ezihlukene ngokwezinkamba. Izilaythi zokubhala kwezindawo zesi-Clas II kufanele zikhubaze ukugcina kwezinkamba kwezincwadi zokusebenza ngokuvumela ukungena kwezinkamba ezingenani okunokubangela ukuphakama kwezinye izinto kusuka kwezincwadi.

Ukwenza kwezilaythi ezinokubhala kwezinkamba kufanele kubhekisele kwezindlela zokugcina nezindlela zokwenza izibhokisi ezinokubhekisa ukungena kwezinkamba. Iziphakamiso zokusebenza kulezi zilaythi zokubhala kwezindawo ziyofanele kubhekisele kwezinkamba kusukela kwezincwadi zokusebenza ukuze zikhubaze ukuphakama kwezinkamba kusukela kwezincwadi zokusebenza. Ukulinganisa kwezinkamba zokusebenza kuyisisekelo esibalulekile kulezi zindawo, ngoba izinkamba ezingenani zinokulowula ukulinganisa kwezinkamba kusukela kwezindawo ezingenani kunezindawo ezingenani.

Imistandadi Yezixhobo Zokhuseleko Zamazwe Nokuhlanzwa

Umkhakha Wemistandadi YaseNorth America

KwaseNorth America, izilahla zokubhala ezinamandla kufanele zihlale emistandadi ethunywa yiNational Electrical Code futhi zihlanzwe ngemikhakha yokuqondisa okubalulekile. Amakhakha amabili amakhulu okuhlanzwa ayo nguUnderwriters Laboratories naseCanadian Standards Association, othola izinto ngemistandadi eyodwa yokhuseleko. Lezi zikhakha zihlanza izilahla zokubhala ezinamandla ngemiphumela yezimo ezingavumelekile ukuze zibone ukuthi zinamandla okungabhekisa umphumela wokuvula kwezimo zokuvula kwezindawo eziphakeme.

Umsebenzi wokubhalisa kufaka emkhakheni ukuhlola kahle kwemithombo yezindawo zokuhlala, ukuphulaphula amaphartu welekthrikhili, nokuguqula izinhlangano zokuphatha isikhathi. Izinhlobo zokuhlola zihambisana nezimo eziphansi kakhulu ezifana nokuphutha phakathi, izintemperetsha zokusebenza ngokuphelele, nokubonwa kwezinto ezingavumelekile. Kuzoba kuphela amathuluzi okwenzeka ngokuphelele lezi zinhlobo zokuhlola ezinkulu ababulawa ngazo izimboni zokubhalisa ezizocashwa ukuthi zisebenziselwa kwezindawo ezingavumelekile ezithiwe.

Imibhalo Yezifundo ZaseNingizimu YaseNingizimu

Ikomishini Yokuziphatha Kwemizinselo Yasezweni yadala izindlela eziqinisekisiweyo zokusebenza kwezinkambo ezinokuthi zibhale izimithi zokuphuma kwezinye izinhlobo zemizinselo. Lezi zindlela zinikeza izimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwal......

Ukuthiwa kwe-IEC kuyasebenzisa ukuzilungisa kwezindlela zokuvumela ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa kwezizwe ngaphandle kwalokho kutholakala ukuthi kunezimali zokuhamba kokuvumela ukuthengiselwa...... izilumkiso ezinokuthi zibhale izimithi zokuphuma .

Imithwalo Yokubhala Tekniki

Ukubhalwa Kwesikhumba Nezinkulungwane

Ukubhalwa kwesikhumba sezililizwe zokubhala kuzoba yindlela esiphakeme kakhulu yokuhlanganisa imisebenzi yokuhlonipha, ngoba kufanele isikhumba sibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngaphakathi ngelixa esibhale is......

Ukwenza kwezindlela zokuphuma kwemvelo kufuna ukuthi kubhekwe kwezindlela zokusebenza ezithile ukuze kwenziwe izihlangothi ezincane kakhulu ukuze kuzwakalise imvelo ngakumbi ngokuvumela ukuphanda kwemvelo nokuguqula kwezindlela zokwenza. Lezi zindlela zokuphuma kwemvelo zizimele phakathi kwe-0.15 ne-0.38 millimeters, kusukela kuqondisana nesikhundla sezindawo zokugcina nezinhlobo zemvelo zokuphuma. Izinqumo zokugcina kwezinye izinyathelo ziyafuna ukuthi izinyathelo zezindlela zokuphuma kwemvelo zibe nzima ukuze kuzwakalise imvelo kahle futhi kuzwakalise ukuthi amaphakathi amakhulu akhange kugcinwa, okungaba yinkululeko yokuphuma kwemvelo ngaphandle.

Ukuchaza Kwamaphakathi Elisha

Izingxenye zangaphakathi zikagesi ezikhanyisweni ezivikela ukuqhuma kufanele zihlukaniswe ngokuphelele nemimoya yangaphandle ngokusebenzisa izingqimba eziningi zokuvikela. Ukuvikelwa okuyinhloko kuhilela izingxenye ezivaliwe zebhethri ezivimbela ukungena kwamagesi ayingozi kuyilapho kugcinwa ukuxhumana okudingekayo kukagesi. Ukuvikelwa kwesibili kuhlanganisa amasekethe alinganisela ugesi avimbela ukushisa ngokweqile kanye nezinhlelo zokucindezela izinhlansi eziqeda imithombo yokukhanyisa engaba khona ngesikhathi sokusebenza okujwayelekile kokuvula.

Imiklamo yebhodi lesifunda ifaka izingxenye ezikhethekile ezenzelwe indawo eyingozi, kuhlanganise nezinkinobho ezivimbela ukuqhuma, izixhumi ezivaliwe nezinhlelo zokushaja ezikhokhelwa ukushisa. Izidingo zokuqondisa izintambo nokuzihlukanisa zidlula izincazelo ezijwayelekile zezentengiselwano ukuvimbela amaphutha kagesi angalimaza ubuqotho bokuvalela. Ukuhlolwa njalo kanye nezinqubo zokugcinwa kuqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kukagesi okuqhubekayo phakathi nesikhathi sokusebenza kwedivayisi.

Ukuhlola Kuphansi Kwezikhathi Kuye Nokuqinisekisa

Ukuhlolwa kokuvinjelwa kokuqhuma

Ukuhlolwa kokuvinjelwa kokuqhuma kuwukuhlola okunzima kakhulu okwenziwa kumalambu e-flash angangeni lapho kuhlolwa inqubo yokuqinisekisa. Amalebhu okuhlola afaka ingxube yamagesi ekhethekile ngaphakathi kwezindlu ezivaliwe futhi avuse ukuqhuma kwangaphakathi ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla okuvimba. I-housing kufanele ivimbele ukuqhuma ngaphandle kokuqhuma futhi ivimbele ukusabalala kwelangabi ngezindlela ezenzelwe ilangabi ngaphansi kwemijikelezo yokuhlola ephindaphindwayo.

Ukuhlolwa kokukhuphuka kwamazinga okushisa kuhambisana nokuhlolwa kokuqhuma ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amazinga okushisa angaphandle angaphandle ahlala ngaphakathi kwemingcele ephephile ngesikhathi nangemva kwezenzakalo zokuqhuma. Imishini yokulandelela ingcindezi iqopha ukuthuthukiswa kwengcindezi yangaphakathi kanye nezimpawu zokubola ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvulwa okwanele ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zendlela yelangabi. Imijikelezo yokuqhuma eminingi ivivinya ukuqina kwesakhiwo futhi iqinisekise ukusebenza okuzinzile phakathi nempilo yokusebenza elindelekile ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezijwayelekile nezingajwayelekile.

Imithambo yokuqonda emva kokushisa kubhekisa ubunzima bezindawo zokugcina, isimo sezindlela zokushisa, nokwakhiwa kwemiphakathi yezinto zokusebenza ngokwelekile ukuhlonipha ukuthi kungabikho okungahleli ukuphatha kwezinsizakalo zokuphepha emva kwalokho. Kufundiswa kuphela amaphalishilaythi okushisa okuphambili okugcina ubunzima obuphelele nokuthi izintemperetsha ziyasebenza ngokulinganayo emva kwezifundo eziningi ukuze ziqinisekiswe njengokuthi ziyasebenza kwezindawo ezingasiza.

Ukuchaza Ubunzima Bekhaya

Ukuchaza kwekhaya kubhekisa amaphalishilaythi okushisa okuphambili emazinkundleni okukhombisa izindawo zokusebenza zokuzenzakalelayo, futhi kubhekisa izintemperetsha eziningi, ukuguqula kwesihlukahlukane sezimvu, ukuxhumeka kwezichemikhali, nokushisa kwemvelo. Imithambo yokuguqula kwezintemperetsha ibhekisa ubunzima bezindawo zokugcina nokusebenza kwemiphakathi yezinto ngokwelekile kuzo zonke izintemperetsha zokusebenza ezinokuhlanganiswa kwezinhloso zokusebenza zokuzenzakalelayo. Ukuchaza kwezimvu ibhekisa ukuthi imiphakathi yezinto ayigcini kanye nokukhathazeka kwezimvu ezinokubangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezimvu okungabangela ukuthi kuzingene kwezim......

Ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwamakhemikhali kuveza izinto zokwakha kanye nezinhlelo zokuvala ngamakhemikhali ajwayelekile ezimboni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukumelana nokuwohloka okungase kuphazamise ubuqotho bokuqhuma. Ukuhlolwa kokushaqeka nokudlidliza okuzenzakalelayo kulingisa izimo zokuphatha nokucindezelwa kokusebenza okungenzeka kube khona kumalambu e-flash angavuthisi lapho esetshenziswa emsebenzini. Amadivayisi kuphela agcina ukusebenza okuphephile ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okuphelele kwemvelo athola imvume egcwele yokuqinisekisa.

Amalayithi Okusetyenziswa Ngokucacile

Imisebenzi yePetrochemical kanye neRefining

Izindlela zokusebenzisa izinkulungwane zezibhalo nezindawo zokuvula izilwanyana ziyabonisa izimo eziphakeme kakhulu kubazikhipha bezilwanyana ezisemthandathweni ngokuphelele kwezilwanyana zokuvula nezimo zokusebenza ezihlukahlukene. Lezi zindawo zizidinga izinkulungwane eziphakeme kweqela 1 eziphakeme kweqela 1 ezinokusebenza ngempilo emaphandleni aphakathi kwezilwanyana zokuvula, izilwanyana zokuvula, i-hydrogen, nokuthi izilwanyana zokuvula zezilwanyana zokuvula. Izilwanyana zokuvula ezisemthandathweni kulezi zindawo kufanele zibe nesicelo sokuphakamisa ukuthi ziyasebenza ngempilo kuzo zonke izigaba zezilwanyana nezinhlobo zokuphakama kwesikhathi.

Imisebenzi yokuhlela kwezindawo zokuphatha amasimbi zizoba nezindlela zokubhekisa ezihambisana ngezindawo ezingaphansi, izinto ezikhulu zezithuthi, nokubhekisa kwezinkinga zokugcina umsindo. I-Flashlights ezilungile ukuzibeka ngokuphelele kwezindlela zokusebenza lezi ziyabhalwa ngamaphuzu okwengeziwe ayo, kubanzi kwakho inkqubo yokulayisha engapheliyo, ukuphila kwe-battery okude, nokuphila kakhulu phakathi kokukhanyisa ngamachemikhali. Ukubheka ngokushesha nokubuyisela ukuthi kuyasebenza ngokuphelele kuyinika ukuthi kusebenze ngokuphelele ngokuphelele kwezindlela zokusebenza zokuphatha amasimbi.

Ukusebenza kwezinkundla nokusebenza kwezindawo ezingaphansi

Amaphoyisa ekuphakamiseni emzini ayadinga amalampu atholakala ngokugcina ukuthi azikhiphe amandla kwezindawo ezinamethane nezintango zemithi ephakamiselwa. Lezi zindawo zinamazinga okuzimela okungcono kakhulu njengokukhanya kwemvula, izintango zokugqibela, nokubonakaliswa kwezichaza zokuphatha izinkomo zemithi. Amalampu atholakala ngokugcina ukuthi azikhiphe amandla kwezindawo zemithi kufanele aqinisekise amathuluzi wezindawo zezinye (Class I) nezindawo zezintango (Class II) futhi aqinisekise ukusebenza kahle kwezindawo zemithi ezingcono kakhulu.

Izimfuneko zokudesigna kwezilayithi zokubhala ezinamandla kwezindawo zokuthwala izinkabi ziyakhiwa ngokuthi zibe nesibonelo sokugcina ukuthi zingabhekisekile, zibe nesakhiwo sokugcina amanzi, nokuthi zibe nenkampani yokufaka eyahlukeneyo okuyisisekelo sokugcina izinto zokuphepha kwezindawo zokuthwala izinkabi. Izisifundo sezibhateri kufanele zinikeze izindlela zokubona ukuthi zisebenza kahle nokuthi zibe nesikhundla sokuvula ngokuphambuka kahle ukuze sizimele ukusebenza okungasafani ngeminyaka yezindawo zokuthwala izinkabi. Izimfuneko zokuhlanzwa kufanele zihlukaniswe ngokuthi zibe nesizinda sokuhlola esahlukene kwezindawo zokuthwala izinkabi nokuthi zihlanganise nezimfuneko zokuphatha izindawo zokuthwala izinkabi zaseNingizimu Afrika.

Izigaba Zokukhetha Nezindlela Ezilungileyo

Ukuchaza iZinkinga Zokubhekisa nokulungiseka kwezinto

Ukukhetha kahle kwezilayithi zokubheka ezinamandla ekuphulukweni kuyadlula ukuthi wabhekise ngokugcwele izinkinga zokuphuluka ukuze ubone izinkinga zokuphuluka zokuhambisana nezinkinga zokusebenza. Lokhu kukhetha kufanele kubhekise izithi zezinto ezingavuthi zokuphuluka, izilinganiso zabo zokuphuluka, izilinganiso zokuvutha, nokuthi zihlanganiswa njani emazibhalweni okuphuluka. Izilayithi zokubheka ezinamandla ekuphulukweni okukhethwe kufanele zibe nemibhalo yokuqinisekisa eyodwa kuzo izinkinga ezibhekisiwe kanye nezidingo zokuphuluka kwezinkinga ezingavuthi.

Ukuchaza kwezinkinga zokusebenza kufaka isibonelo sezinkinga zokubhekisa, izinkinga zokuphakamisa umbono wokusebenza, izinkinga zokusebenza kwinkambu yezindawo, nezinkinga zokusebenza kwezincwadi zokusebenza. Izindlela ezithile zokusebenza kuzodinga ukusebenza ngaphandle kokushaya amakhanda, ezinye zidinga izikhathi zokubhekisa ngokujulile, futhi izimo zokuphatha kwezimfazane zinokudinga ukubhekisa okuphezulu nokuphatha okuholela emva kwemigqa yezindawo eziphathelene nesikhathi. Izigidi zokubhekisa ezisemthakathini zokuphatha kuzodinga ukuthi zifanele noma zizide kunezinkinga zokusebenza okutholwe futhi ziyasebenza ngokuphelele ngokugcina ukuthi ziqinisekwe ngokuphelele.

Izinhlangano zokugcina nokubhekisa

Ukuhlanganisa izilumkiso zokuphefumula kuzodinga ukuthembeka kwezincwadi zokusebenzisa ngokuphelele kanye nezincwadi zokulawula ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi kuyasebenza ngokuphelele. Kufanele izikhathi zokuhlola zihlola ubunzima bezindawo zokugcina, imiphumela yezinkampani, izinkampani zokugcina, izinkampani zokugcina, nokubonakaliswa kwemibhalo yokuthi kuyasebenza ngokuphelele ukuhlola ukuthi kuyathatha isikhathi sokubonakala kwezinkinga ezinokuthinta ukusebenza ngokuphelele. Kufanele ukuguqula amabhatteri kusenziwe ngokulandela izindlela zokusebenzisa ukuze kungavukwa izindawo zokugcina kanye nokuvikela ukuthi kuyasebenza ngokuphelele.

Izinqombolo zokubhaliwa zifuna amarekodi okusebenzisa, iziraporti zokuhlola, nokulandela ukuthi kufakwe imithwalo ukuqiniseka ukuthi kuyasebenza ngokuphathelene nezindlela zokuphepha isikhathi esizayo. Iziprogramu zokufundisa abasebenzi bokusebenzisa kufanele zihlale kuziphatha ngokuphelele, izindlela zokuhlola, nokugcina ukusebenza kwezinto ezingafanele ukwenziwa ukuze sizimele ukuthi kungabikho ukuthi kusindiswe isikhathi sokuphepha ngokungafanele. Amakhaya amaningi ayisebenzisa izisistimu zokuphatha ukusebenzisa ngokomkhumbuzi ukuhlola izilayitshi zokuphuma kwemvelo ngokuphelele kwezinsuku zokusebenza kwayo futhi ukuqiniseka ukuthi kufakwa emva kokuthi kusindiswe isikhathi sokuphepha ngaphambi kokuthi kushintshwe ukusebenza kwayo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ukuchaza okuhambisana phakathi kwezilayitshi zokuphuma kwemvelo nezilayitshi ezinamandla okuphuma kwemvelo ziyini?

Izilayithi ezinamandla angapheliyo ziyadidekwa ukuthi zihlale amandla okugcina kumlinganiselo ongenakwenza ukuvulwa, nangona kubonakala ukuthi kukhona ukungafani, ngakho-ke izilayithi eziphambili kwezinye ziyadidekwa ukuthi zingakhulule ukuvulwa kwezinye ngaphandle kokuziphatha kwezinye. Izinto ezinamandla angapheliyo zizokwenzela ukuthi zibe nenkulu yamandla angapheliyo kodwa zingasebenzisa kwezindawo ezingenakwenzela ukuthi zikhulule ukuvulwa kwezinye, ngakho-ke izilayithi eziphambili kwezinye ziyabona ukuthi zibonakala kwezinye ngokukhulula ukuvulwa kwezinye kodwa zizingafani kwezinye. Ukuchaza phakathi kwezimbhalo zokuphatha kuyiphendula kwezindlela zokuhlanza izinkinga nezindlela zokusebenza kuzo zonke izindlela.

Kuphi na ukuthi izilayithi eziphambili kwezinye kufanele zihlanganiswe futhi noma zilishanyelwe?

Izilampi zokubhala eziningi zokuphulukana kwezinye zokuphulukana kuzo azikhoza ukubuyisela ukuthi kubuyiselwe ngokufanayo uma kuzoba nezindlela zokuhlelwa noma ukuguqula okungahleli ukuthi kubuyekeleke kwezinye zokuphulukana kuzo. Kepha, izikhathi zokuhlola kuzobuyela ukubona ukuthi isikhumba sivame, imiphumela yezikhumba, nokubonakaliswa kwezinhlobo zokubuyisela ngokuvamile kusuka kumaqhelabooka wokwenza futhi kuzo zizikhathi zokuhlola zomphakathi. Izikhathi zokubuyisa ziyaphendula kuzo izimo zokusebenza kanye neziphakade zokuhlola, kodwa amaphakathi amaningi ayasebenzisa izikhathi zokusebenza eziphezulu zezinkulungwane eziyisihlanu kuya kwezinkulungwane ezishumi kwezinto zokuphulukana kwezinye zokuphulukana kuzo ngaphandle kokubonakala kwezimo zokusebenza ukuze kubhekwe ukuthi kuyasebenza ngokuphelele.

Ngakho kungani izilampi zokubhala zokusebenza kungenziwa ngokugqula ukuthi zibe zokuphulukana kwezinye zokuphulukana kuzo?

Amaphalashi wezindaba eziphakathi azinakugcinwa ngokupheleleyo ukuba zibe nezinkundla zokuphulukana ngokwenziwa kwezindawo noma ngamaphepha okuhamba kwezindawo. Ukuthiwa kokuphulukana kwezinkundla kudinga ukuzimisa kwempilo yezinto zonke ezitholakala kwezindawo, kufaka isikhombisa sokubeka, izinkqubo zezinhloko, ukulawula kwezinhloko, nokwakha kwezinhloko zokuphulukana. Lokho konke okwenziwa kwezindawo zokuphulukana kwezinkundla kususa ukuthiwa kwabo kwezimpilo futhi kwenza izimo ezingahleziyo kwezindawo ezingasemthwakathini. Kufanele besebenziswe kuphela izinto ezitholakala ngokuthiwa kwezindawo kwezindawo ezingasemthwakathini.

Kufanele kwenziwe njani ukulawula ukuze kugcinwe ukuthiwa kokuphulukana kwezinkundla?

Ukugcina isitifiketi sokuvikela ukuqhuma kudinga ukulandela izinqubo zokugcinwa komkhiqizi njengoba zichaziwe, kusetshenziswa izingxenye ezisele ezivunyelwe kuphela, futhi kugwenywe noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa okungathinta ukusebenza kokuphepha. Ukuhlanza njalo kufanele kusetshenziswe izixazululo ezivunyelwe ezingonakalisi izinto zokwakha noma izinhlelo zokuvala, futhi ukushintshwa kwebhethri kufanele kulandelwe izinqubo ezithile zokugcina ukuhlukaniswa kukagesi. Ukuhlolwa kwezindlu kufanele kuqinisekise ukuthi azikho izikhala, ukugqwala noma umonakalo ongase uphazamise ukuphelela kwesakhiwo, futhi noma yiziphi izimo ezingabazekayo kufanele ziholele ekususweni ngokushesha kwedivayisi emsebenzini oyingozi kuze kube yilapho ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe sekuphelile.